The periosteum covers the entire outer surface except where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints ( ). Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the periosteum. The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri – = “around” or “surrounding”). The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside” oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. When the bone stops growing in early adulthood (approximately 18–21 years), the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis, the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing bone. Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone. The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of bone.
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